indian empire 1947

BRICS Bank vs IMF and World Bank

Basics compared: IMF, World Bank, BRICS

Data	IMF	World Bank	BRICS Bank
By which summit?	Bretton Woods, USA		6th BRICS summit at Fortaleza, Brazil
Year	1944		2014, July. Although ops may by 2016.
HQ	Washington		Shanghai, China.
members	188	188 (IBRD); 172 (IDA)	only five
voting power	Different voting powers based on Quota system.	Differs according to shareholding and other criteria	All five members have equal voting power.
components	–	IBRD, IDA, IFC and MIGA	–
Purpose	Loans to solve Balance of Payment (BoP) crisis. technical assistance in policy making surveillance over International economy	Poverty reduction to 3% by 2030. Soft loans for development projects. Promoting foreign investment and international trade.	loans for infrastructure and sustainable development projects helping country in balance of payment  (BoP) crisis

How much money does BRICS bank have?

Initial subscribed capital	50 billion (each member gave 10 billion)
Initial authorized capital	100 billion
Contingency reserve arrangement (CRA)	100 billion

BRICS Contingency reserve

It is meant to help member nations fight against Balance of Payment crisis (possible because of Fed Tapering

Who gave how much to contingency fund?

China	41 billion
Brazil, India, Russia	18 billion each of them
S.Africa	5 billion.

Why BRICS Bank born?

1. BRICS nations have become as big economic power- collectively 1/5^th of World GDP and 2/5^th of world population. They want to solidify and demonstrate their strength with help of this “new development bank”.
2. BRICS nations are disenchanted with Bretton-Woods institutions viz World bank, IMF, GATT (which later became WTO).
3. Since their inception in 1944, the IMF and World Bank have not reformed their governance structure, to give more voting and voice to emerging economies. Both dominated by USA and developed countries. Both are out of sync with the new dynamics of world economy.
4. Will help defending these five economies from volatility in dollar exchange rate.
5. Will help financing high tech projects, infrastructure and sustainable Development in member nations.
6. Although IMF and World Bank provides loans but with various conditions imposed. BRICS nations want loan but without having to follow such dictates from the developed world.
7. In BRICS bank, the First chairman of the board of governors will be a Russian. First President of the bank will be an  Indian.  This is difficult in World bank and IMF given the lobbying and uneven voting power.
8. In the long run, it’ll make Chinese Yuan as an alternative to US Dollar- for global financial system. Then USA / West imposed ‘sanctions’ against any BRICS will become less effective.
9. RBI Governor Rajan- “we did not setup BRICS bank to challenge World bank and IMF. This bank is setup only to provide “patient money” to BRICS nations, because World Bank and IMF are taking too much time to reform themselves.”

why india is behind china? [by brainykey]

why india is behind china?

MODERN India is, in many ways, a success. Its claim to be the world’s largest democracy is not hollow. Its media is vibrant and free; Indians buy more newspapers every day than any other nation. Since independence in 1947, life expectancy at birth has more than doubled, to 66 years from 32, and per-capita income (adjusted for inflation) has grown fivefold. In recent decades, reforms pushed up the country’s once sluggish growth rate to around 8 percent per year, before it fell back a couple of percentage points over the last two years. For years, India’s economic growth rate ranked second among the world’s large economies, after China, which it has consistently trailed by at least one percentage point.

The hope that India might overtake China one day in economic growth now seems a distant one. But that comparison is not what should worry Indians most. The far greater gap between India and China is in the provision of essential public services — a failing that depresses living standards and is a persistent drag on growth.

Inequality is high in both countries, but China has done far more than India to raise life expectancy, expand general education and secure health care for its people. India has elite schools of varying degrees of excellence for the privileged, but among all Indians 7 or older, nearly one in every five males and one in every three females are illiterate. And most schools are of low quality; less than half the children can divide 20 by 5, even after four years of schooling.

India may be the world’s largest producer of generic medicine, but its health care system is an unregulated mess. The poor have to rely on low-quality — and sometimes exploitative — private medical care, because there isn’t enough decent public care. While China devotes 2.7 percent of its gross domestic product to government spending on health care, India allots 1.2 percent.

India’s underperformance can be traced to a failure to learn from the examples of so-called Asian economic development, in which rapid expansion of human capability is both a goal in itself and an integral element in achieving rapid growth. Japan pioneered that approach, starting after the Meiji Restoration in 1868, when it resolved to achieve a fully literate society within a few decades. As Kido Takayoshi, a leader of that reform, explained: “Our people are no different from the Americans or Europeans of today; it is all a matter of education or lack of education.” Through investments in education and health care, Japan simultaneously enhanced living standards and labor productivity — the government collaborating with the market.

Despite the catastrophe of Japan’s war years, the lessons of its development experience remained and were followed, in the postwar period, by South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and other economies in East Asia. China, which during the Mao era made advances in land reform and basic education and health care, embarked on market reforms in the early 1980s; its huge success changed the shape of the world economy. India has paid inadequate attention to these lessons.

Is there a conundrum here that democratic India has done worse than China in educating its citizens and improving their health? Perhaps, but the puzzle need not be a brainteaser. Democratic participation, free expression and rule of law are largely realities in India, and still largely aspirations in China. India has not had a famine since independence, while China had the largest famine in recorded history, from 1958 to 1961, when Mao’s disastrous Great Leap Forward killed some 30 million people. Nevertheless, using democratic means to remedy endemic problems — chronic undernourishment, a disorganized medical system or dysfunctional school systems — demands sustained deliberation, political engagement, media coverage, popular pressure. In short, more democratic process, not less.

In China, decision making takes place at the top. The country’s leaders are skeptical, if not hostile, with regard to the value of multiparty democracy, but they have been strongly committed to eliminating hunger, illiteracy and medical neglect, and that is enormously to their credit.

There are inevitable fragilities in a nondemocratic system because mistakes are hard to correct. Dissent is dangerous. There is little recourse for victims of injustice. Edicts like the one-child policy can be very harsh. Still, China’s present leaders have used the basic approach of accelerating development by expanding human capability with great decisiveness and skill.

The case for combating debilitating inequality in India is not only a matter of social justice. Unlike India, China did not miss the huge lesson of Asian economic development, about the economic returns that come from bettering human lives, especially at the bottom of the socioeconomic pyramid. India’s growth and its earnings from exports have tended to depend narrowly on a few sectors, like information technology, pharmaceuticals and specialized auto parts, many of which rely on the role of highly trained personnel from the well-educated classes. For India to match China in its range of manufacturing capacity — its ability to produce gadgets of almost every kind, with increasing use of technology and better quality control — it needs a better-educated and healthier labor force at all levels of society. What it needs most is more knowledge and public discussion about the nature and the huge extent of inequality and its damaging consequences, including for economic growth

daily news 23-09-2013

Sports

Abhinav Bindra plans to quit shooting

• India’s Olympic gold medalist Abhinav Bindra plans to leave full-time shooting after competing in his favourite 10m air rifle event in the Asian Games.
• “Tomorrow will mark the end of my professional shooting life!,” “I will however still shoot, compete as a hobby shooter training twice a week.” Bindra, tweeted.
• Despite giving up serious shooting, Bindra still hopes to qualify for the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.
• Bindra, who won the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow this year, failed to make the final at the world championships in Spain.

Another bronze for India in the 17th Asian Games 

Person in news

Rizwan Akhtar as new ISI chief

• Lieutenant General Rizwan Akhtar was appointed the new chief of Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) in commander-level promotions announced in the country’s powerful Army.
• Announcement comes as current ISI chief Lt. Gen. Zaheerul Islam and five other lieutenant generals are scheduled to retire from service in the first week of October.
• Lt. Gen. Akhtar is a graduate of the Command and Staff College in Quetta, National Defence University and the Army War College, U.S.

International

Citizenship to some Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar

• Myanmar gave citizenship to 209 Muslims displaced by sectarian violence, after the first phase of a project aimed at determining the status of about a million Rohingya whose claims to nationality have been rejected in the past.
• Meanwhile Myanmar government’s chief negotiator said that efforts to secure a historic ceasefire agreement with ethnic armed groups are “at a crucial moment” at the start of a fresh round of negotiations
• The Rohingya Muslim minority in Rakhine State need permission to move from their villages or from camps, where almost 140,000 remain after being displaced in deadly clashes with ethnic Rakhine Buddhists in 2012.
• Some of the 209 who received citizenship were members of the Kaman Muslim minority, who are recognised by the government as indigenous to Myanmar, but there were also Rohingya.

Business and economic

India support exchange information on black money

• India will support the proposed international automatic exchange of tax and banking information that is expected to aid unearthing and retrieving black money stashed offshore.
• Forty-six countries, including India, have agreed to set rolling by 2017 the automatic exchange of information on tax evaders.
• At present, countries exchange information on the basis of requests and that too only on suspected tax evasion and other financial crimes.
• The proposed global standard would facilitate a systematic and periodic transmission of bulk taxpayer information by the source country of income to the country of residence of the taxpayer.
• The implementation of these standards by developing countries could also improve domestic tax compliance as substantial amount of data received from financial institutions by the tax administration could be used for domestic tax purposes also.

Nepal finalises Hydel project with GMR group 

National

NGT gave order to MoEF for the demarcation of Eco-Sensitive area

• The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) submitted a confusing affidavit to the National Green Tribunal saying State governments in the Western Ghats region may, after undertaking demarcation of eco sensitive areas (ESA) by physical verification, propose the exclusion/inclusion of certain areas in the draft notification dated March 10, 2014.
• This draft notification issued by MoEF was based on the ESA demarcated by the high-level working group (HLWG) headed by K. Kasturirangan.
• Justice Swatanter Kumar of the NGT asked the counsel for the Ministry to take direction from secretary or additional secretary on the question of demarcating ESAs. He said that if Kerala had completed its demarcation of ESAs, then let it be finalized.

SC lays down guidelines for police encounters 

Science and technology

Mars Orbiter Mission, engine test firing successful

• The test-firing of the engine on India's spacecraft to Mars for four seconds went off smoothly, boosting the hopes of ISRO engineers about the engine's performance on 24th when it will fire for 24 minutes to insert the Mars orbiter into the Red Planet's orbit.
• The engine ignited after it had slumbered in space for 300 days during the spacecraft's voyage to the moon. The LAM engine was fired last on December 1, 2013 to catapult India's Mars orbiter from its earth-orbit into sun-centric orbit and its sojourn to Mars began.
• The news about the confirmation of the success of the test-firing was received from the spacecraft after a time-delay of about 13 minutes, Mr. Kesava Raju, Mission Director said.

daily news 22-09-2013

National

Restrict MGNREGS only tribal and poor areas

•Union Minister of Rural Development Nitin Gadkari has proposed that the MGNREGS be restricted to only tribal and poor areas and the permissible labour to material ratio of expenses be changed from the current 60:40 to 51:49.

• Even as the current upper limit in expenditure is not being met, the government wants to increase this from 40 to 49 per cent. The change will increase the presence of contractors in the job scheme and squeeze the funds available for wages.

International

Ashraf Ghani as the next Afghan President

• Former Finance Minister Ashraf Ghani was declared Afghanistan’s next President on Sunday, hours after signing a power-sharing deal with his rival Abdullah Abdullah that ended a prolonged standoff over the disputed result.

• Mr. Abdullah will now nominate his choice for the new post of “Chief Executive Officer” (CEO), which will be similar to Prime Minister — setting up a tricky balance of power as Afghanistan enters a new era.

• The White House welcomed Sunday’s power-sharing deal, which it said “helps bring closure to Afghanistan’s political crisis”. “We look forward to... the conclusion of the Bilateral Security Agreement,” it added in a statement. Gaza truce talks with Hamas on September 23rd

• Israel said it would send a delegation to attend indirect Gaza truce talks with Hamas in Cairo next week, although a Minister said they would likely achieve nothing.

• Egypt, which has played a key role in the talks, had initially invited both sides to resume talks on September 17 but it was pulled forward

Economics

ONGC will start oil production from KG block in 2019

Dr. Ambedkar Competitive Examination Centre(ACEC),PUNE INVITED APPLICATION FOR PRE-IAS TRAINING 2015 (YASHADA)

click below on (official adv. of yashada for more information)


OFFICIAL ADVERTISMENT OF YASHADA

important news 21-09-2014

National

• SSB, SRM University and ITC make donations for PMNRF.

   The Director General, Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), B.D. Sharma, called on Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday and handed over a demand draft of Rs 2.12 crore towards the Prime Minister's National Relief Fund for flood-affected people of Jammu and Kashmir.

    International

1. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon has announced to have established a UN mission to combat Ebola with the advance teams to be deployed to West Africa by Monday.The UN Mission for Ebola Emergency Response (UNMEER)

2. The death toll in the heavy rains triggered by typhoon Kalmaegi rose to 8 on Saturday, even as nearly 400 students were rescued from an inundated school in China's southwestern Yunnan province.

3. Scotland's pro-independence leader Alex Salmond resigned as first minister and leader of his political party today, hours after Scots voted to remain in the United Kingdom.

4.  The US and China have started a two-day meeting at the Pentagon to set up a code of conduct on naval and air force safety on the high seas, in the wake of a Chinese jet intercepting an American Navy patrol plane in the international waters of South China Sea. 

5. Former finance minister Ashraf Ghani was declared Afghanistan's next president on Sunday, hours after signing a power-sharing deal with his rival Abdullah Abdullah that ended a prolonged standoff over the disputed result. 

   
   

   Sports 

   North Korea's Kim Un-Guk thanked his supreme leader Kim Jong-Un as he broke three world records on his way to gold in the 62kg class weightlifting at the Asian Games on Sunday.

   Ace Indian shooter Jitu Rai clinched a historic gold in the 50m Pistol and Shweta Chaudhry gave India first medal by clinching bronze in the Women 10m Air Pistol Finals, on Saturday on the opening day of the 17th Asian Games at the Ongnyeon International Shooting Range.

   Indian shooters were on target for the second successive day as they delivered a bronze in the men's 10m air pistol team event, while shuttlers bagged another medal of same hue in the women's team competition in the 17th Asian Games in Incheon on Sunday.

   Dipika Pallikal also assured the country of its first women's singles squash medal in the Asian Games.

   Business  

   Five associates of State Bank of India (SBI) would raise about Rs 33,000 crore capital to meet global risk norms -- Basel III -- in the next five years.

    

   Overseas investors have pumped in a staggering over Rs 1 lakh crore into the Indian debt market since the beginning of the year primarily on account of government's reform agenda.

   
   

   
    

    

Those under preventive detention have right to vote: EC

People under preventive detention have the right to vote, the Election Commission has said ahead of Assembly elections in Maharashtra and Haryana, and warned that there should be "no ground" for any grievance due to non-compliance of the directive.

Against the backdrop of allegations that political activists and leaders are being detained by police ahead of elections, the EC has written to the Chief Secretaries of Maharashtra and Haryana, reminding them of Section 62 (5) of the Representation of the People Act and the Conduct of Election Rules that specify that those in preventive detention are entitled to cast their votes by post.

The letter referred to the provisions in the Conduct of Election Rules under which the administration has to intimate the Returning Officer of each constituency the names of electors under preventive detention, along with their addresses, electoral roll numbers so that postal ballots can be sent to them to facilitate them exercise their franchise in the elections.

"Instructions may kindly be issued to the concerned authorities to ensure that provisions...are strictly complied with at the general elections and there is no ground for any grievance on account of non-compliance of the provision of the said (Conduct of Election) rule," the EC has said.

Seeking to remove any ambiguity, it said in case the authorities are not aware of the address of the Returning Officer of a detainee's constituency, they should send the details to the Chief Electoral Officer (CEO).

IMPORTANT SITES YOU SHOULD VISIT DAILY

following are sites you should visit daily for authenticate current information

1) allindiaradio.gov.in/default.aspx

2) www.gktoday.in 

3)www.thehindu.com

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CAREERS (SIAC)

STATE INSTITUTE FOR ADMINISTRATIVE CAREERS (SIAC) MUMBAI AND NASHIK HAVE INVITED APPLICATION FOR PRE-IAS TRAINING FOLLOWING ARE LINKS TO WEBSITE PLEASE REFER AND FILL FORMS (FOR MAHARASHTRA DOMICILED ONLY)

 www.siac.org.in

 iasnashik.org.in

TODAY'S IMPORTANT NEWS 20-09-2014

NEWS

Mandolin U. Shrinivas is no more

• The Carnatic music fraternity is in a state of shock over the untimely death of Mandolin U. Shrinivas .
• He was reportedly being treated for liver failure at the Apollo Hospital .
• He had lately received a liver transplant and had recovered, but a lung infection proved fatal.

Obama to nominate Verma to the post of Ambassador to India

• The White House confirmed that U.S. President Barack Obama intends to nominate Richard Rahul Verma to the post of Ambassador to India, said an official .

Business and Economics

• BNP Paribas in collaboration with the World Bank

• Financial services firm BNP Paribas, in collaboration with the World Bank, has launched the first equity index-linked green bond that will help raise funds for products seeking to mitigate climate change.
• The 30-stock equity index, to which the ‘World Bank Green Bond’ is linked, comprises companies selected on the basis of their corporate sustainability ratings.

• Abhishek Ganguly as new MD , Puma India

Science and Technology

INS Sindhurakshak

• The second Board of Inquiry (BOI) constituted by the Defence Ministry to probe the feasibility of reusing INS Sindhurakshak has recommended decommissioning of the kilo-class submarine.
• The submarine was finally retrieved from the waters in June 2014 and handed over to the Navy. Since then it has been anchored at the Naval Dockyard in south Mumbai.

Sports

Asian Games

• 17th Asian Games began with a lovely show of colour, light and vibrant music at the Incheon Asiad Main Stadium.
• Nepal led the athletes’ march, following the Korean alphabetical order, and loud cheers were reserved for Japan, China, Afghanistan and, of course, the host team.
• Each team had been allowed only 130 athletes for the march past but China, a powerhouse in the sporting world, came up with a contingent which was almost double that number or more.
• The Indian team, which had hockey team captain Sardar Singh as its flag-bearer, looked smart with the men in navy blazers and blue trousers while the women wore green sarees with blazers on top.

answers for questions ask on 18-09-2014

Q1Write about   FISCAL CONSOLIDATION  measures IN INDIA?
Fiscal consolidation is adopting the strategies that help in reducing fiscal deficit. These measures vary
from reducing expenditure to collecting more revenue.
Government does this by adhering to prudent policies as follows:
I By Reducing expenditure
1. reducing imports- by increasing import duty on certain items
2. reducing subsidies which form a substantial part of budget, eg deregulating petrol prices
3. though imprudent, but by cutting capital expenditure as there is little scope in cutting revenue expenditure.
4. Indigenisation of the defence sector and recovering the black money 
II By Increasing Revenue
1. increase in disinvestment targets
2. targeting for more tax collection either by widening the base or by increasing rates OR by in introduing tax reforms
3. investment in sectors with high returns
Fiscal consolidation is a weapon that to curtail inflation but over use of it could result in crippling the economy.so a moderate fiscal deficit is the panacea which would help in putting the economy on the path of growth without increase in the inflation.
Q2.write about the NEW RULES BY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS WITH RESPECT TO GRANTING FOREST CLEARANCES.?
Through a quick series of notifications, the Union environment ministry has eased rules for mining, roads, power and irrigation projects and other industrial sectors. It has diluted a host of regulations related to environment, forest and tribal rights. The dilutions of green norms include,
a) Coal companies expansion without mandatory public hearing and clearance in clusters for nearby mines, instead of separate approvals,
b) Wildlife nod delinked from forest clearance for areas around wildlife zones
c) States’ powers removed, to put additional safeguards
d) Tribal rights diluted, favoring prospecting miners
e) Miners not in compliance for over five years to also get approvals
f) Forests can be cut even before final clearance for projects such as roads and irrigation canals is obtained.
g) NBW without independent experts, to clear projects
h) Plan to dilute National Green Tribunal’s powers
i) Ban on new industries in critically polluted industrial areas lifted; pollution index-based moratoriums stopped
The doors have thus been thrown wide open for a laissez faire exploitation of natural resources and rampant damage to the environment for which the nation, especially future generations, would have to pay a massive cost.
The new rules notified by the Ministry of Environment on granting forest clearances to various development projects seem to have serious trade offs with biodiversity conservation and tribal welfare efforts.

Q3. HOW BCIM Corridor  can be a game changer for South Asian trade?

The Bangladesh–China–India–Myanmar (BCIM) Economic Corridor will increase socioeconomic development and trade in South Asia. The initiative seeks to improve connectivity and infrastructure, energy resources, agriculture, and trade and investment. It will connect India’s Northeast, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and the Chinese province of Yunnan through a network of roads, railways, waterways, and airways under a proper regulatory framework. The current focus of BCIM talks is on an inter-regional road network. This makes sense, as roads are the cheapest route of trade.The BCIM Economic Corridor is a modern version of the Silk Road, and a revision of the 1999 Track II Kunming initiative between BCIM countries. It is planned to run from China’s Kunming province to Kolkata in India, and link Mandalay in Myanmar and Dhaka and Chittagong in Bangladesh. BCIM initiatives have gained momentum since Chinese Premier Li Keqiang’s visit to India and the conclusion of the first official meeting of the joint study group of the BCIM Economic Corridor on 19 December 2013. In 2005, trade between Bangladesh, China, India, and Myanmar was 7.99 per cent of world trade. Since then, trade has grown both within the region and with outside countries, driven by China (and to a lesser degree, India).
Together, the BCIM countries account for 9 per cent of the global landmass and 40 per cent of the global population. The combined population of India’s Northeast, China’s Yunnan province, Bangladesh, and Myanmar is 440 million. Intra-regional trade among BCIM member states amounted to 5 per cent of total BCIM trade in 2012, as opposed to ASEAN, where 35 per cent of total trade is intra-regional. The BCIM Corridor will allow all four countries to exploit existing complementarities in trade — in terms of both sectors and products. Myanmar is a primary goods exporter and has abundant cheap labour. India has positioned itself as a leading services exporter. China is the largest manufacturing exporter in the world; and Bangladesh, like many other South Asian countries, engages in both services export and low-end manufactured goods.
Given the immense conventional and renewable energy resources in the region, one aspiration of the Corridor is collaboration in the power sector. BCIM sub-regional cooperation can capitalise on hydrocarbons in Bangladesh, hydro-electric and mineral resources in Northeast India, natural gas reserves in Myanmar, and coal reserves in East Indian states like Odisha, Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand and China’s Yunnan province. The potential for Northeast India to export energy to power-starved Bangladesh under the auspices of BCIM’s institutional structure is particularly strong. Energy cooperation among BCIM countries will have implications for China, the largest consumer of energy. India’s engagement with Myanmar will contribute to India’s energy security as India is currently heavily dependent on Gulf oil imports. Myanmar will also be able to engage in export diversification, as it is currently over-reliant on China and Thailand for energy exports.
The BCIM Corridor aims to promote trade and investment in the region through trade facilitation measures and greater participation of the public and private sectors. It is likely to encourage further interest by Chinese and Indian firms in Myanmar. An upgrade of the 312 kilometre stretch of Stilwell Road, which connects Northeast India with Yunnan through northern Myanmar, could lower transportation costs between India and China by 30 per cent and escalate already growing Sino–Indian trade through the BCIM Corridor. Yunnan and West Bengal can cooperate in sectors like agro-processing. The fact that the capitals of the two provinces, Kunming and Kolkata, are the two ends of the BCIM Corridor only adds to prospects for greater exchange.
Bangladesh, with which India shares its longest border, could connect the Northeast to the rest of India. Access to the large Indian and Chinese markets will make Bangladesh an attractive destination for foreign direct investment. Bangladesh can also benefit from connecting to China through Myanmar and becoming a commercial hub for South and Southeast Asia. Indian goods will also benefit from access to large markets in East Asia through Myanmar. The BCIM corridor, by creating tradingopportunities for Myanmar, will help the country integrate into regional supply chains. In fact, the Dawei port in Myanmar, thanks to its strategic geographical position, could be a means to increase the country’s international integration.
Empirical studies suggest that improving transport infrastructure could have a direct bearing on the social and economic development of other sub-regions in Asia — for example, the Greater Mekong sub-region. Given the historical and cultural commonalities, as well as institutional overlaps, between the BCIM and the GMS, the same result is expected in the former as well.
The BCIM Corridor is a win-win arrangement. The linkages of transport, energy, and telecommunications networks will enable the region to emerge as a thriving economic belt that will promote social development of communities along the Corridor. To date, South Asia has not come close to enjoying the same economic success that East Asia has reaped. BCIM might well be the game changer that South Asia needs.

Q4.WRITE  a note on The string of pearls and the Maritime Silk Road?

The phrase ‘String of Pearls’ was first used in 2005, in a report entitled “Energy Futures in Asia” provided to U.S. Defense Secretary Donald H Rumsfeld by defense contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. It alleged that China was adopting a “string of pearls” strategy of bases stretching from the Middle East to southern China. These “pearls” were naval bases or electronic eavesdropping posts built by the Chinese in Myanmar, Bangladesh, Pakistani and Sri Lanka. The purpose was to project its power overseas and protect its oil shipments.

Nine years have since elapsed. The phrase, or theory, still sticks in the international media and in some think tank reports.
These “bases” are found nowhere in the Indian Ocean. The most telling evidence is that the PLA Navy has been conducting counter-piracy operations in the Gulf of Aden for five years without any bases of their own. Jean-Paul Adam, the Seychelles Foreign Affairs Minister, announced in December 2011 that his country had invited China to set up a military base in his country, but the Chinese Ministry of Defense only responded that the Chinese side would “consider” replenishment or port calls in the Seychelles and other countries.
China has only two purposes in the Indian Ocean: economic gains and the security of Sea lines of Communication (SLOC). The first objective is achieved through commercial interactions with littoral states. For the second purpose, the Chinese Navy has, since the end of 2008, joined international military efforts in combating piracy in the waters off the coast of Somalia. In fact, the only thing justifiable in the “string of pearls” theory is that it underlines the growing importance, even then, of the Indian Ocean for China’s ever-expanding national interests, especially in terms of energy import. Nowadays China is securing its energy needs from all parts of the world, but the Middle East still prevails as the most important source. By the end of 2013, China had become the largest trader and the largest oil importer in the world. The Indian Ocean, and hence the security of SLOCs from Bab-el-Mandeb, Hormuz, to the Malacca Strait, is thus vitally important for China.
Two countries are most important for China’s freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean: the U.S. and India. The U.S. is the only country that has the full capabilities to control the chokepoints in the Indian Ocean and cut off the SLOCs all the way to China, but it is unlikely to exercise such capabilities, unless, perhaps, in an all-out war with China. Even during the Cold War neither the U.S. nor the Soviet Union endeavored to cut off any SLOCs in the world. Besides, the SLOCs are life-lines for all states. Cutting off China’s SLOCs will also affect U.S. allies of Japan, ROK and Australia. So long as Sino-American relations remain manageable, such a worst-case scenario is unlikely to occur.

Manual scavengers and their rehabilitation act 2013 information

SC ordered to implement prohabiation of

Manual scavengers and their rehabilitation

act 2013.

1>
at least one member of familiy will be trained
livehood skills and stiphned will be provided
during rehabilitation period and another
member of fAmily will be given loan or subsidy
for takinvg up alternative occupation.
2>
to adderess sewer deaths it is ordered entering
sewer without saftey gears made crime and compensation
of 10lakh rs
3>
people molted under act will given homes,land or money
for xonstruction
4>
safai karmachari womens should be provided support for
digified livehood in accordance with their livehood scehmes,
5>
railways should take time bound statergy
to end manual scavenging on tracks

IN ALL SITUATIONS PERSONS RELEASED FROM MANNUAL SCAVENGING
SHOULDN'T HAVE TO CROSS HURDLES TO RECIEVE WHATS THEIR LEGITIMATE
DUE UNDER LAW

Role of women in INDIAN freedom struggle (ESSAY help)

hi friends i got this paper online on topic Role of women in INDIAN freedom struggle hope u will like it  

 

Role of Women in India’s Struggle for Freedom

ABSTRACT

For the period of freedom Struggle in the motherland, women were not staying at the back. The role of women in freedom struggle is extremely significant and they alsoparticipated in Indian struggle for Independence. The Women in the brigade were certain the similar preparation seeing that it was given to men also. Still their uniform was comparable to the men warriors. The list of great women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India’s freedom struggle. Bhima Bai Holkarfought against the British Colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerrilla warfare.Rani of Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai whose heroism was an outstanding example for all Independence! Behold, it is born! Begum Hazrat Mahal was a great Indian freedom–fighter who played a major role during India’s First War of Independence .Arun Asaf Ali, played an outstanding role in the Quit India Movement .Annie Besant was the first Women President of the Congress and gave a powerful lead to women’s movement in India. After a Century of revolutions struggle, blood shedding, Sathyagrahas and sacrifices, India finally achieved Independence on August 15, 1947future generations of women freedom fighters.Sarojani Naidu was elected as a president of Indian National Congress .She campaigned for the Montague Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat issue, the draconian Rowlett Act and the Satyagraha.Kasturba Gandhi was a leader of women’s Satyagarh.Madam Cama unfolded the first National flag at International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart(Germany) in 1907.She declared “the Flag is of Indian. 

INTRODUCTION

The history of Indian Struggle would be incomplete without mentioning the contributions of women. The Sacrifice made by the women of India will occupy the foremost place. They fought with true spirit and unafraid courage and faced various tortures, exploitations, and hardships to earn us freedom. When most of the men freedom fighters were in prison the women came forward and took charge of the struggle. The list of great Women whose names have gone down in history for their dedication and undying devotion to the service of India is a long one.

Woman‟s participation in India‟s freedom struggle began as early as in 1817.Bhima Bay Holkar fought bravely against the British Colonel Malcolm and defeated him in guerrilla warefare.Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi whose heroism and superb leadership laid on outstanding example of real patriotism. Sarojini Naidu, Kasturba Gandhi , Vijay Lakshmi pundit ,Annie Besant etc. in the 20th century are the names which are remembered even today for their singular contribution both in battlefield and in political field.

Bhīma Bai Holkar :- Women‟s participation in the freedom struggle began as early as 1817 when Bhīma Bai Holkar fought against the British Colonel Malcolm and a defeated him in guerrilla warfare .At a very critical time for our motherland when the British East India Company was fast expanding its empire in India, When Tipu Sultan had been eliminated(1799),the proud Marathas had been humbled (1815),Chenamma the widowed queen of Raja Malla Sarja frustrated the machinations of British to annex her kingdom Kittore ,a tiny principality in the present Belgaum District of Karnataka. She fought against the mighty British army and scored initial success.

Rani Lakshmi Bai:-Rani of Jhansi Rani Lakshmi Bai whose heroism and superb leadership laid an outstanding example for all future generations of women freedom fighters. Married to Gangadhar Rao head of the state of Jhansi. She was not allowed to adopt a successor after his death by the British, and Jhansi was annexed. With the outbreak of the Revolt she became determined to fight back. She used to go into the battlefield dressed as a man.Holding the reins of their horse in her mouth she used the sword with both hands. Under her leadership the Rani‟s troops showed undaunted courage and returned shot for shot. Considered by the British as the best and bravest military leader of rebels this sparkling essence of courage died a hero‟s death in the battlefield. The first name that comes to the mind is that of famous Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi. Dressed in the men‟s clothes, she led her soldiers to war against the British. Even her enemies admired her courage and daring .She fought valiantly and although beaten she refused to surrender and fell as a warrior should, fighting the enemy to the last. Her remarkable courage inspired many men and women, fighting the enemy to the last. Her remarkable courage inspired many men and women in India to rise against the foreign rule. International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 Volume 2, No. 4, April 2013 i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 113

Sarojini Naidu: -Sarojini Naidu had known as “Ccuckoo of India”. She was a distinguished poet; renowned freedom fighter. Her father was principal in Nizam College. At that time Nizam was not in favour of Women‟s education, hence Sarojini was sent to Madras for schooling .She topped the matriculation examination at the age of twelve. She met English authors Arthur Simon and Edmond Gausse.It was Gausse who convinced Sarojini to stick to Indian themes-India‟s great mountains, rivers, temples, social milieu, to express her poetry.

Sarojini Naidu was elected as a president of Indian National Congress. Dramatic meeting with another respected leader of time, Gokhle, in 1906 was to change her life forever. His response to her fiery speech brought into her life the impact of a visionary who saw in her oratory and brilliance a leader of the future. The period from 1917 to 1919 was the most dynamic phase of Sarojini‟s career. During this time, she campaigned for the Montagu Chelmsford Reforms, the Khilafat issue, the draconian Rowlett Act and the Satyagraha.When Gandhi launched the Civil Disobedience Movement, She proved a faithful lieutenant. With great courage she quelled the rotors, sold proscribed literature, and addressed frenzied meetings on the carnage at Jallianwala Bag in Amritsar. In 1930 when Mahatma Gandhi chose her to lead the salt Satyagraha the stories of her courage became legion. After Gandhi‟s arrest she had prepared 2,000 volunteers under the scorching sun to raid the Dahrsana Salt Works, while the police faced them half a mile up the road with rifle, lathis(canes) are steel tipped clubs. The Volunteers wildly cheered when she shook off the arm of the British police officer who came to arrest her and marched proudly to the barbed wire in full force and she came under the influence of GopalkrishnaGokhale and Gandhi.Gokhale advised her to spare all her energy and talents for the nation‟s cause. She gave up writing poetry and fully devoted herself to emancipation of women, education, Hindu-Muslim unity etc. She became a follower of Gandhi and accompanied him to England. Whenever in England, she openly criticized British rule in India which caught the attention of scholars and intellectuals.

Kasturba Gandhi:-Kasturba Gandhi, Mahatma Gandhi‟s wife joined her husband while he was in south Africa and worked with him for many years there. She was a leader of women‟s Satyagraha for which she was imprisoned. She helped her husband in the case of Indigo worker in Champaran, Bihar and the No tax Campaign in Kaira, Gujarat. She was arrested twice for picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops, and in 1939 for participating in the Rajkot Satyagraha.

Madam Cama: - Madam Cama fought for the freedom of the country till the last in her own way, and helped many revolutionaries with money and materials. She unfurled the first National Flag at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart (Germany) in 1907.She declared “The flag is of Indian Independence! Behold it is born! It has been made sacred by the blood of Young Indians who sacrificed their lives. I call upon you, gentlemen to rise and salute this flag of Indian Independence. In the name of this flag, I appeal to lovers of freedom all over the world to support this flag. “A thousand representatives from several countries were attended. She travelled a lot of places including America and propagates Americans about Indians struggling for Independence.

Begam Hazrat Mahal:-Begam Hazrat Mahal was a great Indian freedom-fighter who played a major role during India‟s First War of Independence. She was also known as Begum of Awadh and the wife of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah, ruler of Lucknow.She led a band of her supporters against the British, and was even able to seize the control of Lucknow.She worked in closed association with other leaders of the India‟s First War of Independence, including Nana Sahib. Begum was not only a strategist but also fought on the battlefield. When the forces under the command of the British re-captured Lucknow and most of the part of Awadh, she was forced to retreat. When her forces lost ground, she fled Awadh and organized soldiers again in other places. She turned down all offers of amnesty and allowances by the British rulers.Finally,she took refuge in an asylum in Nepal, where she died in the year 1879.To acknowledge her endless efforts in fighting for the freedom of country, the Government of India issued a stamp on 10th May 1984.

Arun Asaf Ali:-Arun Asaf Ali, a radical nationalist played an outstanding role in the historic Quit India Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi on August 9, 1942, and was a prominent leader of the underground movement. She published bulletins, went from place to place and even met Mahatma Gandhi avoiding arrest .She edited Inqulab a monthly journal of the India National Congress.

Annie Besant:-Annie Besant an Irish Lady the leader of the Theosophical Society joined the Indian National Congress and gave it a new direction. She was the first women president of the congress and gave a powerful lead to Women‟s movement in India. She soon became a leading labour organizer, strike leader and reformer. She also became involved in Indian Nationalism and in1916 established the Indian Home Rule League of which she became President. She started a newspaper, “New India”, critized British rule and was jailed for sedition. She got involved in Political and educational activities and set up a number of schools and colleges, the most important of which was Central Hindu College and School in Banaras which she started in 1913.

Kamala Nehru:-Kamala Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru‟s wife gave full support to her husband in his desire to work actively for the freedom struggle. In the Nehru home town International Journal of Management and Social Sciences Research (IJMSSR) ISSN: 2319-4421 Volume 2, No. 4, April 2013 i-Xplore International Research Journal Consortium www.irjcjournals.org 114

of Allahabad, She organized processions, addressed meetings and led picketing of liquor and foreign cloth shops. She played a prominent part in organizing the No Tax Campaign in United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh). In the Non Cooperation movement of 1921, she organized groups of women in Allahabad and Propagated use of Khadi cloths. When her husband was arrested, to prevent him delivering a “seditious “public speech, she went in his place to read it out. She was twice arrested by British authorities. Vijay Lakshmi Pundit:-Vijay Lakshmi Pundit is a daughter of Motilal Nehru, were the president of congress and brother of Jawaharlal Nehru, India‟s first Prime Minister. She was inspired by Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi and impressed by Sarojini Naidu. She entered the Non Co-operation Movement to fight against the British rule. Vijay Lakshmi represented India in many of the Conferences abroad. She attended numerous public lectures and challenged the British dominated delegate‟s rights to represent India therein. She was a great fighter and took parts in many of the freedom movement. She was arrested in1932 and sentenced to one year‟s rigorous imprisonment. She was arrested in 1940 and yet again during the Quit India Movement in1942.

Indira Gandhi:-Indira Gandhi was a most remarkable woman in Modern India. She became a member of Indian National Congress in1938.Soon after her return to India in March 1941, she plunged into political activity. Her public activity entered a new phase with India‟s Independence in1947.she took over the responsibility of running the Prime Minister‟s House. The Congress, which had been her political home ever since her childhood, soon drew her into leading political roles, first as a member of the Congress Working Committeein 1955 and later as a member of the Central Parliamentary Board in1958.In 1959, she was elected President of the Indian National Congress .In the eventful years of her leadership as Prime Minister, Indian Society underwent profound changes .She was unremitting in her endeavor for the unity and solidarity of the nation. A staunch defender of the secular ideals of the Constitution, she worked tirelessly for the social and economic advancement of the minorities. She had a vision of a modern self-reliant and dynamic economy. She fought boldly and vigorously against communalism obscurantism, re-vivalism and religious fundamentalism of all types. She laid down her life in defense of the ideals on which the unity of India will reverberate across the centuries. She became the indomitable symbol of India‟s self-respect and self-confidence. Death came to her when she was at her peak, when her stature and influence were acclaimed the world over. CONCLUSION After a century of revolutions,struggle,blood shedding,Sathyagrahas and sacrifices, India finally achieved Independence on August 15,1947.The Hindus,the Muslims,the Sikhs,the Christians and all the other brave sons and daughters of India fought shoulder to shoulder to throw out the British. Perhaps for the first and the only time in world history, the power of a mighty global empire „on which the sun never set‟, had been challenged and overcome by the moral might of a people armed only with peace, ideals and courage. Women shouldered critical responsibilities in India‟s struggle for freedom. They held public meetings, organized picketing of shops selling foreign alcohol and articles, sold Khadi and actively participated in National Movements. They bravely faced the baton of the police and went behind the iron bars. Hundreds and thousands of Indian women dedicated their lives for obtaining freedom of their lives for obtaining freedom of their motherland and only very few could include in this essay due to space

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Important question

Important questions on current affairs by brainkey.com

Q1Write about FISCAL CONSOLIDATION measures IN INDIA?

Q2.write about the NEW RULES BY MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS WITH RESPECT TO GRANTING FOREST CLEARANCES.?

Q3. HOW BCIM Corridor can be a game changer for South Asian trade?

Q4.WRITE a note on The string of pearls and the Maritime Silk Road?

 Answers will be posted tommorow

List of Agreements signed today between India & China

30 things INDIAN should knew

1. Sanskrit is considered as the mother of all higher languages. It is the most precise and therefore suitable language for computer software. (A report in Forbes magazine, July 1987).

2. Although modern images & descriptions of India often show poverty, India was one of the richest countries before British rule in India, i.e. during the early 17th Century. Christopher Columbus was attracted by India’s wealth and was looking for a route to India when he discovered America by mistake. India has fed the greed of almost every powerful nation or ruler (that/who looked upon it, during those times) and is poised to be at the top of the world in all aspects.

3. India is the Largest democracy in the world, the 7th largest country in the world AND one of the most ancient and living civilizations (at least 10, 000 years old).

4. Despite the global meltdown that impacted most emerging market economies, India’s GDP growth of 7.45 percent to 11.90 percent for the current year would make the country the second-fastest growing economy of the world.

5. India has the largest number of biomass gasifier systems in the world producing over 656 mega watts (MW) of power; and still has the potential of producing over 30000 mega watts of power.

6. India was the first country to be accorded the status of a Pioneer Investor in 1987 and was allocated an exclusive area in the central Indian Ocean by the UN for exploration and utilisation of resources.

7. Export of cars grew by 57 per cent in 2008-09 at 3.3 lakh units. Two-wheeler exports crossed the million-mark on a growth of 22.5 per cent in 2008-09.

8. India has the maximum number of post offices in the world!

9. India signed a ground breaking civil nuclear deal with US in 2008 thus facilitating fuel supply for its nuclear reactors. The deal offers potential for a paradigm shift in India’s global role. The importance of the deal does not lie merely in the transfer of nuclear energy. Its importance is psychological. It opens the door to a new era of trust and cooperation between India and the US.

10. India has the largest number of news channel in the world. It is the fastest growing telecom market in the world and has the lowest call rates on earth.

11. India is the 3rd largest producer of solar photovoltaic cells in the world producing 2.12 MW of power. India is the world’s 4th largest wind power user.

12. India is the 9th largest solar thermal power generating country in terms of million units per sq. m. It will have 20 million solar lights installed by 2022 which will save 1 billion litres of kerosene every year.

13. India has jumped five places to become the world’s 11th biggest exporter of commercial services in 2005, and inched one step ahead to the 29th rank among the largest merchandise exporters, according to the latest statistics by World Trade Organisation.

14. The Indian Software Industry has grown from a mere US $ 150 million in 1991-92 to a staggering US $ 5.7 billion in 1999-2000. No other Indian industry has performed so well against the global competition.

15. India is the world’s largest, oldest, continuous civilization.

16. India never invaded any country in her last 10,000 years of history.

17. IEEE has proved what has been a century old suspicion in the world scientific community that the pioneer of wireless communication was Prof. Jagdish Bose and not Marconi.

18. India has the second largest pool of Scientists and Engineers in the World.

19. India is the second largest English speaking nation in the world.

20. India is the only country other than the USA and Japan, to have built a super computer indigenously.

21. GM of Hewlett Packard, Chief Executives of CitiBank, Mckinsey & Stanchart, founder and creator of Hotmail, creator of Pentium chip are all Indians.

22. On 28 April 2008, a world record was set when India’s Polar rocket successfully placed ten satellites, including the country’s remote sensing satellite, into orbit in a single mission.

23. India is the world’s second largest producer of small cars. It is the largest newspaper market in the world.

24. World’s largest electronic ID program is underway in India.

25. Bollywood with about 400 films every year is the largest centre of film production in the world.

26. India is the largest producer of milk, cashew nuts, coconuts, tea, ginger, turmeric and black pepper, in the world. It also has the world’s largest cattle population (281 million). It is the second largest producer of wheat, rice, sugar, groundnut and inland fish.

27. The National Rural Employment Guarantee Act or NREGA, an Indian job guarantee scheme, enacted by legislation on August 25, 2005 is the largest ever – public employment programme visualized in human history.

28. The Mid-day Meal Scheme is the popular name for school meal programme in India, is the largest school lunch programme in the world, covering 12 million children.

29. Board of Control for Cricket in India, or BCCI, is the apex governing body for cricket in India is the richest body in world cricket.

30. The largest employer in the world is the Indian railway system, employing over a million people!

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Hi all my dear friends  i am starting this blog so as many of us who are new to this exam study will get proper guidance and all of you can get latest information needed to study.i will post current affairs,important notes,classes info.,test papers,online test and many more links to help students getting their goals.


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